Tag: government

Krug, J.A. and D.S. Myer. WRA: a Story of Human Conservation. United States Department of the Interior.

Reason read: April 15th is universally known as tax day.

J.A. Krug, Secretary of the War Relocation Authority put together a comprehensive report of the WRA program.

What was old is new again. During World War II “enemy aliens” were to be removed from high threat areas of the Pacific Coast region (California, Oregon, and Washington). These “enemy aliens” were determined by Japanese lineage: Issei – immigrant Japanese born in Japan, Nisei – American born, American educated children of the Issei, and Kibei – born in America, but educated in Japan. The burning question was how “American” were the Nisei?
Otherwise known as Order #9066 the War Relocation Authority mandate removed a large contingent, over 110,000 Japanese and Japanese-American men, women, and children from their homes. In total the program lasted four years and two days but left lifetimes of trauma. It was a convoluted plan and the government was in a difficult situation. The bombing of Pearl Harbor accelerated a paranoia over national safety, but they also had to handle evacuees with fairness and human decency. Using a 1798 Congressional authority giving the President broad power to deal with a national alien enemy in wartime, the WRA came into existence. Ten relocation centers were established to “evacuate” the Japanese-American population from the west coast.
Many times throughout the reading of WRA I wanted to play devil’s advocate and ask things like what did Senator Chandler mean when he wanted to separate the “disloyal” evacuees from other residents at the various WRA centers? Was the fact that Japanese evacuees were only allowed employment if they never resided or studied in Japan and passed a background check all that fair? It is no wonder that the President of the United States had to apologize to the Japanese-American community. First, they were removed from their homes with the excuse that their nationality was a perceived threat to national security. At the same time they were told they were being relocated for their own safety. Oh and by the way, the government wants them to sign up to help with the war effort. Obviously not trusted in their homes but trusted to serve in the U.S military. But first they need to renounced their native country and pledge allegiance to the country which does not trust them in their own homes. If they were not enlisting, they were assisting with the agricultural needs of the nation.
Despite their best efforts to create a sense of community and safety, the relocation ended up being the creation of detention centers under military control. Rumors ran rampant about the care and attention the internees were receiving while the rest of the war-time Americans had food insecurities. Many believed the food in the relocation centers was better and more available than what was on the shelves at their local market.
I was relieved to see a chapter on the property of the evacuees because that was one of my burning questions. What did they do with their possessions? Storage? If so, where? Evacuees were encouraged to make their own arrangements for personal property.

Book trivia: One of nine reports, the WRA provides a chronology of the evacuation and the WRA program from January 29, 1942.

BookLust Trivia: from More Book Lust in the chapter called “Your Tax Dollars at Work” (p 239).